Cotton Drip Irrigation under Film for Special Water and Soil Conditions in Central Asia
admin
2022-09-18
适宜于中亚特殊水土条件的棉花膜下滴灌技术
Cotton Drip Irrigation under Film for Special Water and Soil Conditions in Central Asia
技术编号
XJ-002
提供单位
中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所
技术大类
其他技术
联系人
刘铁
技术类型
其他技术
电话
15999174840
邮箱
liutie@ms.xjb.ac.cn
适用范围
农业、生态
推荐单位
新疆维吾尔自治区科学技术厅
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Technical principle and process routeDrip irrigation technology under cotton film combines drip irrigation technology with film mulching cotton planting technology, which can not only improve the ground temperature, reduce evaporation between trees and inhibit weeds, but also use the drip irrigation control system to make the farmland irrigation water drip, evenly, regularly and quantitatively infiltrate the crop root area, reduce deep leakage, achieve a comprehensive effect of water-saving and yield increase, and the water utilization rate can reach more than 90%. This technology can effectively improve the irrigation quality of the cotton field, reduce the irrigation quota and improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, so as to achieve the goal of high emergence and seedling protection rate of cotton, high utilization rate of cultivated land and high yield increase of cotton. Key equipment includes head, main/branch pipeline, field control system, field pipe network, etc.
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技术提供方中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所
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技术主要指标信息灌溉水利用系数90%以上,0.4Mpa的PVC干管地埋形式铺设,支管采用薄壁PE管铺设于地表,毛管采用边翼式薄壁滴灌带.
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商业应用情况本技术在2012年巴州且末县高标准节水棉田建设项目实施5000亩,减少用水量50-60%,降低棉花生产成本30%-60%,提高棉花产量50-100%,年均增收46万元以上,减少劳动力投入,供给非农产业剩余劳动力,保障了周边生态用水。前期,中亚塔吉克(150亩)、哈萨克(300亩)、乌兹别克(150亩)和吉尔吉斯成功示范。目前,该技术正在乌兹别克斯坦推广近10000亩,大幅度提高棉花产量和品质,其中以塔什干州600亩、纳沃伊州540亩为例,籽棉单产由200公斤/亩,提高到300公斤/亩,亩均收益由600元提高到900元,亩均灌溉用水量由原来800立方米,降低到400立方米,极大缓解用水紧张.
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希望在技术转移过程中得到的帮助/支持
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商业应用单位联系人/电话/邮箱
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设备投资新建10000亩棉花膜下滴灌工程。主要包括滴灌工程土建部分和滴灌系统设备购置及安装工程部分。总投资1200万元,其中: 1、建筑工程投资140万元。主要包括管道工程、泵房工程和沉淀池工程, 2、滴灌系统设备购置及安装投资1050万元。主要包括:首部投资90万元。主要包括购置安装离心泵、过滤器、启动箱、水表、逆止阀、首部连接管件等设备。管网部分投资860万元。主要包括购置安装各种型号PVC出地管、管件及树脂一体式闸阀井、排水井等设备,购置安装PE管、滴灌带及管件等设备。滴灌系统安装工程100万元。 3、临时工程投资10万元,
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年运行维护费用本项目(1万亩为例)在后期运行管理中所产生的各类费用主要包括:滴灌带购置费、水、电等费用,人工费、折旧费、修理费、管理费等维护费用。年运行维护费用总计324万元,其中:滴灌带购置费160万元、水电费40万元、人工费4万元、折旧费100万元、修理费10万元、管理费10万元。
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投资回收期项目实施前后的亩净收益分别为600元、900元。通过实施膜下滴灌建设,可使棉田亩净收益比项目实施前增加300元。则10000亩棉田可新增收入300万元/年。投资回收期=投资总额/年均利润=1200/300=4年。
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附加效益棉花作为乌兹别克斯坦等中亚国家的战略资源,受限于灌溉、施肥等综合管理技术和有效水资源量,棉花单产较低。乌政府正积极试验世界各国先进灌溉技术,为全国推广做技术储备。新疆拥有世界顶尖的棉花膜下滴灌技术,单产高、成本低,技术推广模式成熟。新疆作为“一带一路”上中国对接中亚国家关键节点,凭借技术、经验和市场优势,在国内市场饱和情况下,拓展一带一路市场有着经济和技术上双重的积极意义。随着滴灌技术进入中亚,中国整个覆膜滴灌技术的产业链条的上下游随之进入中亚国家,PVC管线生产、滴灌带回收、农肥农药、无人机撒药、农机加工、棉花初/深加工、印染纺织等产业也将从中受益。
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综合效益1960年以来,中亚典型的大型湖泊咸海、巴尔喀什湖、伊塞克湖都发生了很大变化,特别是咸海面积由6.7万km2萎缩了到了现在3000km2,造成了沙尘暴、沙漠化、生态多样性消失、白血病、肺病、肾病等一系列的生态环境和健康灾难。上下游用水矛盾引起的生态灾难引发国际社会关注,西方社会在中亚耕耘30多年,仅靠植被修复示范,无法解决任何实际问题。覆膜滴灌技术从根本上提高水资源利用效率,保障生态用水量,提高人民生活水平质量,是解决生态危机的根本抓手。中亚的稳定发展对我国践行一带一路倡议,保障我国粮食安全、能源安全和生态安全都有着决定性的意义。对我国“国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局”的形成,重塑我国国际合作和竞争新优势,形成我国领先的技术向外推广的优势。
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障碍对技术转移影响等级投资成本高或投资回收期长 当地居民的经济承受能力低
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提交日期2020/12/21
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技术成熟度该技术的成熟度高。新疆从1996年开始试验研究膜下滴灌技术,经过多年试验、示范和推广,2000年开始将自动化控制、栽培计算机管理、施肥决策系统及专用肥技术与棉花膜下滴灌技术集成,使膜下滴灌技术不断完善,自动化管理水平明显提高。2008年初步实现自动化灌溉技术控制参数、土壤墒情预报、监测技术实用化。即自动化控制的膜下滴灌系统在与田间管理、收获技术配套的基础上,通过作物生长专家决策系统适时、按需向作物供水,从而实现棉花灌溉技术的“精量化”。该方式棉花管理定额比传统方式提高2-3倍,节水30-50%,肥料利用率提高7-20%,减轻化肥和农药对土壤的负面效应,有利于改善农业生态环境。 通过多年的技术提升、推广运用,目前棉花膜下滴灌技术工艺已相当成熟,设备及系统集成的完善程度极高,目前新疆棉花膜下滴灌面积达到3200万亩以上,其中自动化滴灌面积达到500万亩以上,成为中国领先、世界先进的节水灌溉示范基地。目前该技术已成为新疆农业生产中的一项重要技术,为发展现代农业、促进农业可持续发展发挥着重要的作用。
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Technical applicability analysisThis technology is adaptable to soil texture, fertility adaptability and crop type, and has more significant yield efficiency, especially suitable for low fertility, saline and water-deficient yield fields in arid areas.This technology controls field irrigation, precise fertilization and medication through the first system, which needs to be carried out according to the actual needs of crops and equipment operation procedures. The single operation technology is simple and easy to understand, and can be mastered after simple training.The system equipment is a complete set of standard equipment, equipment parts are general, simple maintenance, general workers after simple training can be skilled in installation and maintenance.
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Technical stability analysisThis technology has been successfully implemented in Xinjiang for 20 years. During this period, it has been continuously improved and formed a unique technical scheme in arid areas. The surface water and well water drip irrigation technology has reliable technology, mature equipment, simple operation and maintenance and remarkable efficiency. Surface water irrigation drip irrigation technology: this technology has high requirements for water sediment content in the irrigation process, but it can meet the requirements through the front-end treatment facilities and equipment of the sedimentation tank. The surface water irrigation drip irrigation system adopts sand and gravel+mesh full-automatic backwash filter. The sediment content of the water source is high. Before entering the sand and gravel filter, the irrigation water passes through a certain flow grit chamber to settle sediment and other sundries. The control area of a single system can be more than 3000 mu. The pressurizing equipment adopts centrifugal pumps, which can operate multiple pumps in parallel. Each pump group can supply water to each other, which is conducive to unconventional irrigation. The starting equipment is frequency conversion economizer, and the operation is safe and reliable. The service life of the drip irrigation system is generally more than 15 years. Well water irrigation drip irrigation technology: the filter is selected according to the well water quality, usually centrifugal + mesh full-automatic backwash filter. The control area of a single system is determined according to the water output of a single well, generally 500 mu. The pressurized equipment adopts submersible pump, which can operate in parallel with multiple systems. Each system can supply water to each other, which is conducive to unconventional irrigation. The starting equipment is frequency conversion economizer, and the service life of the drip irrigation system is generally more than 15 years.
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Technical safety analysisThe safety of this technology is very good. It only needs local stable water source and rural power. There is no risk of environmental pollution. The local people are looking forward to large-scale promotion of this technology.
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技术转移推广障碍当地居民的经济承受能力低,投资成本高或投资回收期长
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知识产权转让中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所自主拥有,不涉及技术转让。